I question what it means to be human and what it means to be alive at this time of humans merging with technology and biotechnology. This inquiry can be explored across many disciplines: there is a measurable, biological and scientific aspect: like if a heart is beating, if a cell is alive; there is a metaphysical inquiry: that which is beyond what we can measure but is part of the human experience, like the ever-changing landscape of emotional states going on inside of us – or that which is beyond knowledge; and a philosophical inquiry: what does it mean to be human? What does it mean to be alive?; There are ethical questions: how will this impact our future? Is tampering with nature wise? I am studying and thinking about many of these questions while I'm conceiving of and creating my work. I merge these disciplines and communicate these questions, concerns, hopes, dreams, fears through the language of art because that is the way I communicate the best. My hope is that in one moment, all of this is transmitted in some way to the viewer - that they have some emotional connection to the work, in some way experience the questions that I'm asking in a way that is their own reaction or response to the work. I feel my artwork is most successful when it elicits a strong emotional response from the viewer.
I use science, technology and biotechnology as tools in the process of making my art because it is these tools and their impacts on humanity, evolution, our environment, and our future that I'm contemplating. Working with the actual tools in the art making process is how I can understand how they work the best, raise important questions and ideally make a positive contribution in the process.

The tools and materials I use are not so different to me from the more traditional tools and materials I trained with like sculpture materials or live performance. The current materials and tools are an evolution from a more traditional art making process based in form, function, craft and material knowledge. Take for example sculpture: there are two forms, additive and subtractive. In the case of clay, more material can be added to build something up, or in the case of marble, material is removed or carved away to reveal a form. The tools for these traditional materials have advanced to such a level that we can now 3D print in clay or CNC carved marble. These all use digital interfaces to help create a sculpture. I often use digital manufacturing in my art creating process whether it is additive subtractive 2D or 3D. The addition of live materials is very exciting, because we're now at a time where we no longer need to use inanimate objects to create objects. We can now grow them. We can now collaborate with living materials to create a sculpture together that is living and continues to change. The technology is advancing across many fields, including science and biotech and can be applied to art and design.
In order to create many of my works, I collaborate with leading technologists, companies, labs and institutions. Many of my advanced projects couldn't be created without an extremely talented team who are specialists in their respective fields. I absolutely love collaborating and working with others. The ideas that get explored are so much more robust than if we were to stick within our respective fields, and advancements and innovations are much more likely to be made when we push each other to think in different ways and execute different projects for different reasons. The access to the technology and materials generally comes through the partners in the projects that I'm collaborating with, or sponsorship.

This is really a two part question with both aspects deeply enmeshed in one another. The first part is the science and tech development. The second aspect is the conceptual and philosophical aspect.
Regenerative Reliquary, 2016 is a bioart piece that consists of 3D printed biodegradable scaffolds for stem cell culture into bone installed in a bioreactor. I was exploring opportunities for human enhancement through bioprinting, for example limb or organ replacement, and questioning who we could become if we made such alterations. Scientists were already working on growing bone in this method, but the work they were doing was in a lab on a very small scale like 1 millimeter or less. As an artist, I wanted to create something that was human scale, and immediately recognisable as human-like, so that we can relate to the concept of potentially being able to create body parts for humans or “living sculptures” of human material. Making something that was human scale required us to create new workflows and build up computers to be able to process the data to create this design, which contained geometry that roughly represented the amount of cells in a human hand bone. Then we had to get that data to a 3D printer without it crashing. The next step was to be able to print material that the cells can grow on without the material timing out or going bad over the extended 3D printing times, and the team had to develop and refine the material I was using (a PEGDA hydrogel) for 3D printing over extended periods. So, there were a number of achievements in the process, and one large achievement for all parties was that this handprint was the largest known 3D printed or bioprinted object to be ever made for cell culture [to date]. Even though this artwork was never intended to be “installed” into the body, this process could be used someday to create bone grafts [implants] that are custom fit to a patient’s needs and made using their own cells for lower risk of rejection. Creating the work and sharing it publicly in museums and online progresses the awareness of these potentials and related bioethical issues in a larger way than otherwise would occur when experimentation is done quietly in a lab on a very small scale.
The Heart of Evolution?, 2019 was the progression from Regenerative Reliquary. Regenerative Reliquary had some versions that were alive, some that grew and died, some that were archival versions. It depended on where I was showing it and what the museum could exhibit. The issue I had as an artist was that I wanted to show that the piece was alive so that a viewer could come up to it and immediately understand it was alive. That led me to explore working with the heart because heart cells beat in a very visible way that is almost immediately identifiable. They're quite animated and you know right away the look of the beating rhythm. The heart was also exceptionally fascinating to me for many other reasons, it is the organ that we associate with deep emotional feelings like love and heartbreak, and also a vital organ. Medically, there are a lot of opportunities with the heart because there's a design flaw: if one of the main arteries gets blocked that can cause a heart attack and death - so there was a design opportunity there. I worked with a vascular surgeon to imagine a structure that proposes a new design for the vascular system of the heart that could potentially improve function and have less dire consequences in the case of blockages. Also, I saw big opportunity in bioprinting vasculature. If we can bioprint vasculature this gives us a great opportunity not just for the heart but for bioprinting organs and organoids because if we can have vasculature or veins we can start to deliver nutrients to those organs, and would be one step closer to actually being able to bioprint a viable organ. Although this could be of great medical benefit, re-designing the body would undoubtedly alter humanity.
Both works question how biomedical interventions both heal and enhance the body, and override natural selection and can alter the course of evolution. The artworks question how humanity would be altered physically and emotionally if such design modifications were to be made and such technologies are used to heal and enhance the body, and if tampering with nature and evolution in this way is wise.

Yes, I'm extremely interested in how and why humans create “machines” (technology), and then how that technology impacts and alters the user, humanity at large, our environment, interactions, and evolution. There is a large range of potentials and possibilities here. We see many examples of advanced technologies leading to our demise and they can also lead to healing and a better future. I'm interested in focusing on how we can use technology to enable and empower us to have healthier, happier lives and have a better quality of existence.

My creative process starts with questions I'm asking and a general idea of a project that I'm embarking on. It develops as I go. I don't know the final result as I'm making it. I let the process dictate what the outcome will be. It could take quite some time to create a project especially a bioart project because bioart is time based, we need to allow time for things to grow and develop. The timeline and steps are unique to each project.

Yes, completely. I was born with Aplasia cutis congenita, a rare malformation where I was missing a large portion of skin on my head and bone in my skull. From a young age this deeply impacted me in many ways that influence the work that I do today. It impacted my understanding of the human condition and limitations because of the body. Often people don't have to face these issues or have to come to terms with this in an internalised way until they are much older if they get sick or if a loved one passes away. But I was born with this and it was an integral part of my understanding of being. At the same time I just wanted to have something that would heal this malformation, it was tough to live with. My mum was a chemist and my father was a pharmacist so they were fantastic at taking care of me, and had the know-how and access to the best medical professionals. I had a number of experimental surgeries until one worked when I was a teenager. This deeply influenced my understanding and embrace of the potential of medical technologies. Both these aspects: 1 the human condition in relation to the body and 2 a hope that science and technology could empower and heal us was deeply ingrained in me from a very young age because of this experience and it continues to influence the work that I do today. I express this through art because I carry this experience with me in everything I do, it is deeply rooted in the emotional experience, questioning, and hope that comes with envisioning the future.

I question what it means to be human at this time of humans merging with technology. My inquiry and exploration manifests across many different platforms as I explore different tools, technologies and methods… but it does not feel so different to me. It doesn't feel like different forms of art because I use technological tools in the process and almost always use the human body in my work. I believe it's very important to explore different tools across different mediums because it provokes the mind to think in different ways, and produces different aesthetics. It gets me to think in different ways, find different outcomes, and ultimately ask better questions. It seems like my work falls under different categories, but as technology progresses the categories merge more and more. For example, my work in AI and ANN can help to design forms for inside or outside of the body, and be made into garments, bioart sculptures or implant design. Biofeedback devices morph into garments via wearable devices, and thus part of a performance. As the technology progresses the boundaries of “categories” morph into each other more and more.

Thank you, from what I learn from connecting with a global audience is that the impact of my work is from the themes I’m exploring of technology impacting humanity. We live in a digital world and few of us are untouched by science and technology. It's impacted almost every facet of our lives from the food we eat, to the places we live, our environment, our health and our well-being. I don't know if the issue is so much about finding common ground as it is about the importance of asking hard questions about these topics and listening to each other - that can bring us together. When we raise awareness and start having discussions about these topics they can be complex and difficult to work through, but without confronting issues that using bio/technology presents us with and coming to some kind of global consensus of what is for the good of society and for the good of our future, we are moving blindly into the future. There will always be some bad actors and unintended consequences, but if we are working towards a positive future we are most more likely to get there.
This impact isn’t just from talks and talking though, it can occur immediately upon seeing my work – the questions I’m asking show through the work. I love when I'm in a museum and can hear people talking about my work but they don't know that I'm the artist listening in. This is the best feedback. A common response I hear when I see someone looking at my biortwork is: “it’s beautiful and it's scary” which is in large part exactly what I’m thinking too.

Nothing has gone majorly wrong as in no one has gotten injured or hurt. Every project has challenges, obstacles and failures but this is where the most learning, opportunity, and advancement can occur. Technically, many of my works are “failures” in a scientific sense: they don’t grow as planned, don’t have repeatable results, or just plain don’t work. But as an artist, bioethicist and futurist, this becomes a valuable part of the story of the work. Art and philosophy are ideal mediums for me in this way, the work doesn’t have to “go right” or work as intended to be successful, the failures and challenges become part of the story that is illuminated through my work.
It can be very intimidating, challenging and frustrating to work with cutting-edge exponential technologies, but I love it at the same time. My biggest challenges in creating work are in scientific and technical areas that are far outside of my knowledge base and expertise. For this, I collaborate with experts in their field, which is rewarding for all of us.

I grew up in a lab with my mum where I watched and helped her with science experiments often. I was also raised Catholic, and my grandmother would take me to shrines and churches to visit relics. Both of these spaces often hosted living or once living objects that had to be regarded with much care and respect. Their aesthetic is that they were most often housed in glass vessels with specific lighting, which influences the way I present my artworks. I present a number of my pieces as both relics and scientific specimens as a way to frame the conceptual aspects of the work: that when we are using technologies and biotechnologies that may permanently alter humanity and change the course of our evolution, we must approach it with the importance of scientific research and care, as well as veneration of a sacred relics. I’m exploring both material and spiritual aspects of how our use of bio/technology impacts our future, and framing the work to be viewed through the lens of the importance of a deep reverence to the mystery and intelligence of life in that process.

Thank you. I plan to continue to create work that questions the implications of technology on our future. I hope to create artwork and make advancements in the process that positively impact humanity, our health and well-being and the future.